[56] Act of May 18, 1795, fol. Although Cofi Mina denied knowing Andre Negre, slave of Colin Lacour, Andre testified that Cofi knew him well. A number of slaves, especially the creoles, were intimidated by the conspirators, fearing retribution not only from them but also from their families if the conspirators were arrested and condemned. There were no elderly men and forty-two mature men, two of them whom were mixed-bloods. 140 y sus documentos del Gobernador de la Luisiana al Calitan General, and Carondelet to Luis de las Casas, New Orleans, July 30, 1795, in Leg. [59] Rendon to Gardoqui, June 15, 1795, in Leg. [42] Poydras purchased three slaves in 1782 and four in 1783. My father and mother were born slaves and so was I. I do not pretend to be free in this way. On April 9. before the meeting could take place, Charles Duflour and Martin Bourgeat informed Alejandro de Blanc, militia officer of Pointe Coupee, about the plot. Widow Lacour made the mistake of sending Timothee Mulatre for two guns. It was an African ethnic conspiracy; therefore it was doomed to failure and was much less frightening. , Marie? 81-83, ibid. ; Testimony of Jean Baptiste Forgeron, slave of Widow Lacour, May 8, 1795, fols. One slave testified that he knew all about they plot to kill the whites and that those refusing to participate “would have their throats cut.” He claimed he never consented to join. In 1798, Femme Goudeau agreed to mortgage her separate property in a vain effort to save her husband from economic ruin. They agreed to assemble there in groups of ten, fifteen, twenty, and thirty, daring whites to flog them. [50] Testimony of Jacob, slave of Jean Pierre Decuir, May 14, 1795, fol. 88-91. Douflour testified: I learned from one of my negres named Pierre that Jean Baptiste, slave of dame Lcaour, had come between seven and eight o’clock at night and called him to the road, telling him that they were free but the whites did not want to five them their freedom, and they must take it. The Declaration of the Rights of Man war read to them by Joseph Bouyavel, an abolitionist who was a schoolteacher and a tailor who worked on the Goudeau estate. His inclination to purchase children without their mothers and his strong preference for Africans possibly stemmed from his desire to mild his slave force to his liking. The engage was later identified by Philipe as Jean Sorgo, a native of the Republic of Raguse, a revolutionary state established in Yugoslavia during the height of the French Revolution (May 14, 1795, fols. 178, of Jean Baptiste, commandeur of Poydras, fol. 35, The revolt was planned in the cipriere, where slaves from various estates could meet freely. “I really was involved in the plot, because I was warned that all the creoles who refused to get involved would have their throats cut, and I was obliged to do like the others,” Before being sentenced, he said, “I consented out of fear, and because I believed that if the plot were uncovered before the revolt broke out, they would only hang the captains.”[51], Jean Baptiste, another Lavour slave, made the following statement before being sentenced: “I was intimidated, being told that the creole slaves who refused to enter the plot would be killed like the whites” Several other slaves, in their final statements, also claimed that they had not been intimidated. There was considerable reluctance among slaves on the old-style farms to join the plot, some of which clearly stemmed from their affection for their masters and their unwillingness to harm them. Instead, they informed him immediately about Joseph Mina’s proposition.38, According to Jean Baptiste, Joseph Mina reported that he did approach the Goudeau slaves, and they agreed to kill their master and then join the Poydras slaves at their slave quarters. In April 1795, a number of slaves were arrested at Pointe Coupée for planning a revolution. 186-87, ibid. Louisiana, Freedmen's Bureau Field Office Records, 1865-1872 includes Labatuts Landing, New Roads and Point Coupee (Source: FamilySearch) Records of the field offices for the State of Louisiana, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1863-1872 Reel 0046, Labor Contracts (Agreements with … 88-91, ibid. Soldiers stationed themselves throughout lower Louisiana were involved in the plot. There were no elderly men and forty-two mature men, two of them whom were mixed-bloods. Antoine, commandeur of Widow Lacour, was told by the. Baton Rouge, 19 II, 355). Jeanne thought he was “Spanish by the way he spoke French.” He asked her what she was doing, and she replied that she was sowing corn. Jean Baptiste Forgeron was freed and sent to New Orleans, evidently in the hope of anonymity. There were some complaints that some blacks and mulattoes who were, or claimed to be, free were armed with swords and acting insolent. The French Revolution became Americanized in its purest and most dramatic form in St. Dominigue, where the free people of African descent rose up for equality, and in August, 1791, the slaves revolted en masse. 243, ibid. He was given a passport to go to the capital and not return to Pointe Coupee, but he had returned anyway to make tools for a blacksmith. They appeared in the smallest outposts, among the clergy, in all the city’s tavern, and among the immigrant merchant community. Most of the slaves convicted were from large, heavily Africanized estates. It pinpointed whites who opposed slavery and racism as the greatest danger  to the survival of the white race, mobilizing the violent  of the frontier against Louisiana’s long, deep tradition of racial openness. They were white, brown, and black. 31, Carpeta 21, Doc. With close emotional ties between masters and slaves. Attempts to get the condemned leaders to reveal the names of their contacts failed. In July 1794, Commissioner Victor Hughes arrived in Guadeloupe and retook the island from the royalists. [64] Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afto-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World (Baton Rouge, 1979), 122-23; Andreu Ocariz, Movimientos rebeldes, 125-28, 203, 204, 207, 211, 223; Durale to Carondelet, Opeloussas, May 10, 1795, in Leg. The governor argues that though Beaure was born in Louisiana, he could be considered a foreigner because he had been an expatriated since childhood. PC, AGI. Documents. The Goudeau slaves were a bad choice. It is not an isolated movement that simply sought to take advantage of control mechanisms weakened by warfare resulting from the French Revolution. The sex ratio was 10.5, while the average sex ration among all the slaves at Pointe Coupee was 1.41. The Poydras slaves had not planted corn, though the season was far advances, because they no longer wished to serve masters. Brise Feu told me this, saying that their leaders had decided to suspend the affair until the return of Noel, Cossi, Charles Negre, and the Baptiste Mulatre, all Poydras slaves who were to bring provisions and munitions from the city.33. One Igbo. Jean Baptiste sent Louis Bordelon to tell the Goudeau negres not to act until he notified them. [25] Carondelet to Luis de las Casas, New Orleans, July 30, 1795, Leg. Cofi must have become acquainted with Andre when he was working for the king in New Orleans, after Andre ran away when his master threatened to kill him. Doc. Andre testified that he cautiously approached Cofi and said, “The blacks of Pointe Coupee are acting like fools up there, and there are mulattoes mixed up in it. Free colored and whites came upriver from New Orleans and informed slaves of Pointe Coupee that the king had freed all the slaves but the masters and the comandante of the post were not telling them. Evidently, skilled slaves from rural areas were sent to help rebuild New Orleans after this fire. 145-47, ibid. Marie Louise, slave of Riche, the two Tunica women, Françoise and Madelaine, and Jean Baptiste Forgeron, slave of Widow Lacour who had informed Marie Louise about the plot and told her to tell her master, were all given rewards. [47] Province of Louisiana vs. Coffy [sic], June 16, 1795, in Notarial Acts of Francisco Broutinm 1790-1798, Vol, XXXVI, Doc, 21, fols. The men were forced to develop sexual relationships and family ties off the estate, and family networks radiated from the Poydras estate to various other plantations. Several slaves testified that various slaves were sent to approach Cofi in order to coordinate their uprising with one planned for New Orleans. Bezirk. [49] Jacqueline K. Voorhies, Some Late Eighteenth-Century Louisianans: Census Records, 1758-1796 (Lafayette, La., 1973), 164. ; Testimony of Cofi Mina, slave of Poydras, May 12, 1795, fols. 95-99, ibid. There were economic, ideological, and military reasons why this particular conspiracy developed at this particular time and place. This transcription includes 35 slaveholders who held 70 or more slaves in Pointe Coupee Parish, accounting for 4,449 slaves, or 34% of the Parish total. Poydras owned six plantations and a thousand slaves. He was threatened with forces labor and other punishments if he did not modify his “conduct, conversations, and obscene ideas.”[10], The Pointe Coupee slaves were well informed about the war between France and Spain, the French Conventions; abolition of slavery in all French colonies, and the revolutionary advances throughout the world. [3] For a discussion that emphasizes the military factor un slave revolts, see Da Geggus, “The Enigma of ,Jamaica in the 1790s. Antoine Sarrasin, the other Poydras commandeaur, told me that when this order of freedom had arrived, the comandante was at Avoyelles  and they were awaiting his return to see if he would carry out. More then self-confident, they were intoxicated. 88-91, ibid. Slave revolts mushroomed throughout the Caribbean during 1795. 48-49, and Testimony of Louison, May 19, 1795, fol. [61], The Pointe Coupee Conspiracy developed a core of leaders who operated collectively. Tunica Indians betrayed the 1795 conspiracy and chased runaway slaves for the masters. Beaure was kept in prison until he was embarked for Cadiz. The night before his execution, Sarrasin asked to speak to Commandante Dupare. Poydras began publishing poetry in 1779 and is considered the first literary figure of Louisiana, He became on of the wealthiest merchants and planters and an important political figure after the United States acquired Louisiana. Thirty-one slaves were sentences to floggings and to hard labor in Spanish fortresses in Mexico, Florida, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. 1791 Pointe Coupée. Guadeloupe et la revolution (1789-1794), 19. Some merchants, local officials, clergy, shopkeepers, and small planters were also involved. After twenty-five years of service they were to be freed. Joseph Mina came to see me and told me he could not sleep since they arrested Antoine Sarrasin, and he had decided to attack the patrol. De Ville, Winston. They want to be free by force” (“ Le Negres de la Pointe Coupee font des betises par al haut, il y a des mulatre fourres la dedans, et qu’ils vouloient etre par force”). Instead of bringing them to her, he left with the funs to become a maroon. He admitted that he knew Jean Baptiste Forgeron (blacksmith), slave of Lacour, but had nit seen him since the 1788 fire in New Orleans. After he grew up, he was called Joseph Mina, though he was a creole. 65-74, OAPC; Testimony of Martin Bourgeat, May 4, 1795, fols. [, Family ties among the slaves of the district were so strong that the slaves and the free Indians who denounced the conspirators feared vengeance from their relatives. The governor of Cadiz found that the governor of Louisiana did not have grounds to deprive Beaure of this right to return to his native land “to live with his Mother, brothers, and sisters.” This law applied to free blacks and mulattoes of the French colonies, not to natives of Louisiana. A free black man named Jimi was suspected of being involved in the slave conspiracy. Two of them, Philipe and Jacob, were identical twins. Some slaves did not want to take risks when the outcome was unclear. Before they left, they promised to return soon to see their new acquaintances. It involved mulatto and black creole slaves born in Pointe Coupee, creole of Jamaica, two creoles of New Orleans, one slave from New York, African slaves if eight different nations, free blacks and mulattoes, and white Jacobins who hated slavery, including a Waloo schoolteacher, a German tailor born in New York, and an indentured servant voyageur plowing the Mississippi River who described himself as a native of the Republic or Raguse. The conspiracy was organized from the estate of Julien Poydras. A thirteen-year-old slave boy informed his master about his visit and the conversation. On December 24, 1794, Beaure was sent to Cordoba, where he worked as a hairdresser. Five other slaves stated, “before sentencing, that they entered the plot because “I believed the threat of Jean Baptiste”; “I consented through fear”; “I entered the plot through fear”; “I consented out of fear that the other slaves might kill me”; “I consented out of fear of the crowd [, While the condemned slaves can be suspect if making a plea for leniency on the grounds that they had been intimidated into joining the plot, it is clear from testimony of slaves who admitted involvement in, and leadership of, the plot that the conspirators did indeed intent to kill the slaves who refused to join the revolt. There are letter asking if it would not be better for you to do like the negres du Cap.’ And at the moment , Noel Capitaine [a Fulbe Poydras slave] began to jump with joy. New Orleans had been burnt to the ground again in December 1794. 89, in Trial, OAPC; Testimony of Jean Baptiste, commandeur of Poydrasm May 10, 1795, fols. One Poydas slave was Jamaican and a Protestant. His role in this conspiracy earned him deportation to Havana. Bothe Jean Baptiste and Grand Charles Poydras slaves, who were leaders of the insurrection, were born in New Orleans. By 1790s, Louisiana still resembled Anne Perotin-Dumore’s model of the “open islands” like Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico. 145, in Trial, OAPC. Pointe Coupee Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area.. Three blacks and one white sympathizer were arrested and punished. The 1795 conspiracy was organized from the estate of Julien Poydras, a native of Nantes, France who played an important role in Louisiana history. Only one adult creole, a seventeen-year-old male, was purchased.43. It was manifested through the role if Antonia Cofi Mina, the free black leader of the Mina community who served as interpreter in the Mina trial. 55, ibid. The estate had eighteen slaves with an even sex ratio among them in 1790. 262, ibid. The slaves involved viewed Cofi Mina as a key figure in the 1795 conspiracy, at least. The trial began at Pointe Coupee on May 4, 1795. Petit Pierre, slave of Goudeau, testified that the revolt did not occur on Easter because “our leaders said that we should first allow the voyage of Sieur Duffief  to take place. The cause of France and the French Revolution was left in the capable hands of soldiers stationed in the colonies and of port workers and seafarers: an internationalist, multiracial population that spread the latest news about the revolution throughout the ports of the Americas. He chose to go to Guarico (St. Doningue), but he was not allowed to land there and was returned to Havana. Only after it was clear which way the wind was blowing did Marie Louise, a Riche slave, ask to speak. The vast majority of the accused refused to admit any knowledge of the conspiracy. ; Final statement of Joseph Bouyavel, May 16, 1795, fol. The plan was to set fire to a building on the Poydras estate, and when masters from neighboring estates rushed to put out the fire, they would be slaughtered. ; Testimony of Baptiste Mulatre, slave of Poydras, May 11, 1795, fols. 20, both in Trial OAPC. Estates with the largest numbers of enslaved and with imbalanced sex rations were most deeply involved in the conspiracies. Nevertheless, there were twenty children on the estate: eight girls and twelve boys. [37], The Goudeau slaves were a bad choice. Details for POLICE JURY OF THE PARISH OF POINTE COUPEE in Petition 20885521 [14] Testimony of Jean Baptiste, slave of Widow Lacour, May 11, 1795, fols. 56-48, ibid. Four or five whites surprised by 20, 30, or 100 of their blacks could neither defend themselves nor could they expect help from their neighbors. Multinational underclass, as well as its people of African descent. Ledoux, a Pointe Coupee settler, informed the commandante that when an Indian spotted a group of seven armed negres, two them chased the Indian. There are no extant documents for 1780 and 1781 (from DB Inventories). Some merchants, local officials, clergy, shopkeepers, and small planters were also involved. 7-7, and Testimony of Lambert Mulatre, slave of Widow Bourgeat, May 8, 1795, fol. Arms and munitions belonging to him had been found in a slave cabin. Meetings were held, and plans were discussed and agreed upon. ; Testimony of Jean Baptistem commandeaur of Poydras, May 10, 1795, fols. There were a significant number of children in the plantation without either parent. Prisoners were secretly embarked on the Mississippi, which was about to leave for Havana. genealogically-related site on the Internet. St. Domingie and Martingue in the French empire and Cuba in the Spanish empire were geared toward the production and export of staple crops, They imported directly from the metropolis and sent the inferior leftovers to the marginal colonies at greatly marked-up prices. The Goudeau slaves claimed that when they refused to join, Guillaume said they were nothing but women, adding, “We do not need you. But the major link with the English-speaking slaves was no doubt Capitain, a sixty-year-old Mande slave of Farar. In 1797, the government offered an amnesty to maroons who returned to their masters voluntarily. According to the Spanish official who questioned them the night before their execution, the condemned slaves refused to talk and "took their secret to their graves, with firm courage. His prestige was high because he was credited with saving, and eventually freeing, the Mina [from Ghana] slaves. The colonies were economically marginal to the metropolis. An inventory, dating from 1782, of the Bara dit Leblond estate shows that its slave force was more heavily African than that of the average Pointe Coupee estate. [46] Andreu Ocariz, Movimientos Rebeldes, 161 Confrontation between [Stanislao Anis ans Tham Mina, both slaves of Widow Bara, May 14, 1795, fol. Despite the hangings and the brutal display of bodies along the Mississippi River, despite moves for massive deportation of slaves considered dangerous, the blacks were not intimidated. Then all would be their own masters and they should be fee. Testimony of Eveilled, Ibo slave of Poydras, May 10, 1795, fols. [6] Las Casas to Carondelet, June 12, 1795 (copy) in Leg. St. Domingo and Martinique in the French empire and Cuba in the Spanish empire were geared toward the production and export of staple crops. He concluded, "In the future, send such individuals to some foreign country, which is easier to do directly from New Orleans than from Cuba, because we have nowhere to send them and no funds to maintain them.[. [16] Testimony of Michel Mulatre, slave of Charles Duflous, May 9, 1795, fols.
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